Racisim in Sports

Comm 102KEREM MERAL Spring 200720050383 Valerie A. Tas? ran Second Draft Racism in Sports In the modernized and global world of today, it is necessary for people to get rid of their prejudices and learn to respect differences. Racism should be eliminated from all areas of life, including sports. Sport is meant that bring people from different backgrounds together to compete in equal conditions and provide interactions among them. No matter which country and ethnicity an athlete is from, once they are in an international competition, all should have equal rights. The only factor should be their skills and success.However, there are many cases when sportsmen or sportswomen face prejudices because of their ethnicity. There are even times when opportunities for them to choose their profession and become successful are limited because of their race. Although it is hard to prove acts of racism in sports, athletes show their reaction by letting authorities know about it, or talking to the p ress about the discrimination they face. The aim of sports should be providing equal opportunities for everyone and a peaceful atmosphere where people cooperate and compete at the same time.It should not give unequal rights and opportunities to a group because of their race while disregarding and discriminating another group. In this paper, the aim is to examine the issue of racism in sports and prove that it is in damaging levels for sportsmen that face it. First, historical facts and general information will be given about the effects of discrimination in sports. Then, cases of racism in sports will be analyzed by related examples. Finally, it will be concluded that authorities are not successful in eliminating racism in sports and this damages careers of athletes and players who face it.Some of the people who make racist movements are sport fans. Club owners see them as a source of income. If they punish these fans they will earn less money then before. Because of that they are a fraid of punishing them. The sport players and athletes, who face to racism in the sport areas, lost their interest to sport. Some of them cannot carry this pressure and had to retire earlier. Racism has always been a controversial issue throughout the history. Many arguments have been made on the issue of racism and sport. Jarvie & Reid (1997) focus in their article on the area of sport and racism.They claim that the â€Å"European intellectual constructions of racism have often been applied in a devastating manner in the field of sport† (Jarvie & Reid, 1997, p. 211). In the other words, racism that emerged in Europe is started to appear in the sport fields, too. So, the historical developments on discrimination have also affected sports. Jarvie & Reid (1997) further claim that discussions on racism lead to numerous racist beliefs about sporting skills of people. The early studies on racism between 1920s and 1960s in America paid attention to discrimination against black peo ple.In South Africa, during 1948, apartheid had emerged. During the time, sport was seen as: â€Å"functionally supportive of and integral to a multi-racial South African society in which a plurality of groups competed within the framework of apartheid† (Jarvie & Reid, 1997, p. 213). South Africa at that time had to be unfair, racist and ideological at the time because of the external pressures. This ideology regulated involvement in sport. It claimed that although sport has a kind of independence, it included â€Å"racial segregation and racial discrimination† (Jarvie & Reid, 1997, p. 213).Writers in South Africa at that time believed that the racism in sports could be eliminated by external pressures. In 1960s and 1970s other efforts were made to explain race and race relations. One was the work of John Rex, who claimed that race relations caused different groups to be located in social stratification. For example, because of discrimination, blacks were put at the bo ttom of society. The demonstrations of American athletes in 1968, called â€Å"Black Power† were a reaction to this. The athletes believed that they were not given the treatment they deserved although they were very successful in Olympics.They said that they were being used and race relations were very bad. (Jarvie & Reid, 1997)When racism was present in society, it was also seen in sports and protests occurred as a result. Jarvie ( 1991 ) claims that the non-racial sport movement in Africa, the Olympic Project for Human Rights, and other protests are examples of the attempts to prevent racism in sports. Finally, it is concluded that during the last century, many efforts were done in order to explain racism and race relations in sports. Racism in sport is in high levels and it results in disadvantage and a barrier for he group of people being subject to it. They are not given the same opportunities of involving in advertisements or occupying important managerial positions in sports. Let’s now introduce some evident cases of racism in sports from real life stories. First, as Lipman (1988) suggests, there is a lot of racism going on in sports marketing. When an advertiser wants to use an athlete in a commercial, first they will go to a white athlete. They are afraid of losing some consumers, because some consumers can show a negative reaction when they see a black athlete on a commercial of their supporting brand.Even if they are not completely racist, it doesn’t even cross their minds to choose a black athlete. They instinctively go to a white athlete. However, marketers and sports agent refuse to accept that they are being racist and Michael Goldberg -New York’s National Media Group, the sports-marketing firm that represents gymnast Mary Lou Retton- says that â€Å"to blame an athlete’s lack of endorsement success on race discrimination† is not right. (Lipman, 1988, p. 1) On the other hand, it is also true that some ve ry successful and famous black athletes are not offered any role in advertisements.Although 8 of 12 best ranked athletes in US are black, only one black athlete; Michael Jordan was ranked in highest paid endorsers in Sports Marketing Newsletter. (Lipman, 1988) . This example shows that although not done clearly, there is a prejudice in sports advertisers to choose white athletes and ignore blacks. In most of the commercials white athletes take role instead of black athletes. Commercials owners prefer the white athletes. Another real life example on the discrimination in sports is given by Rainbow Forum on Race, Racism in Sports Media (1996).In the forum, it was said that although black athletes are dominant in the sport area, their numbers have declined in managerial and coaching positions in sports since 1980’s. For example, it was noted that there were few Blacks in managerial positions in the media. There were only 10 Black sports columnists in all the 1600 newspapers. Als o, although NBA is 80 % black, NFL 67 % and Major League Baseball is 37% Black or Latino; about 80% of working population in offices in these leagues are white (1996). This shows that whites have an advantage over blacks or Latinos over occupying important positions in sports.Both examples show that because of racism in sports, some groups which are discriminated have a hard time in occupying positions in management or finding the same endorsement opportunities as whites. There are also some cases when racism in sports is so strong that it forces people to change their occupation. As Obley (2006) explain, the story of Oliver Purnell is a good real life example of how racism can affect the careers of sports players. Obley (2006) claims that â€Å"racism in America forced Purnell down another road† (p. 1).Purnell emphasizes that his aim was to play baseball which was almost his favorite sport, but he wasn’t allowed to play baseball in Little League during the 70’s because of the racial movements against him. Because of this, he started playing basketball and was very successful at it, and after some experiences as player, he took the position of coach. He became the first African-American head coach hired by Clemson at team Old Dominion. However, although he turned out to be successful in another area, his actual goal was to play baseball. Obley, 2006) As a result, because of racism in sports, he had to change his area and missed the chance of become a successful baseball player which was his initial purpose. But luckily, he showed his talents in another area, which is basketball. There may also be cases when talented people miss the chance of being recognized because of their races. Thyrone Willingham, a football coach at Stanford emphasized this by saying: in our country, not just in athletics, there is a great deal of talent we let go unnoticed. You see alent not being derived, not being noticed, not showing what it can do. There are a lo t of people who could be doing the job I am doing, given the opportunity† (as cited in Shrophire, 1996, p. 20) So, it is seen that racism in sports can have important effects on the careers of sports players, Many talented people subject to racism might not be able to show their talents and become a successful sportsman or woman. There are a lot of talented people who couldn’t arrive to the success. It is not so easy that a talent arises suddenly and discovers it.Because of that people have to give more importance to these talented people and try to protect them from the racial rages. Although many athletes and other sports players often complain about events of racism, the authorities are not successful in taking action and eliminating discrimination. For example, as Carrington and McDonald (2001) explain, during the National Village Cricket Championship quarter-final in 1996, an Asian team sent an official complaint saying they were racially abused by members of the C aldy team from the Wirral.Although the Cricketer magazine, which â€Å"organized the competition, reprimanded the Wirral team for ‘sledging’ but took no action on the racial abuse† (Carrington & McDonald, 2001, p. 54) Because of this, black and Asian cricketers believe that authorities don’t take racism serious and try to prevent it. The cricketing authorities failed to punish clubs and players which are guilty of racist actions. This way, they actually legitimize such acts. (Carrington & McDonald, 2001). Also, sometimes authorities fail to realize and accept that there is racism.Unable to even accept its existence, they cannot take any action against it. As Dimeo and Finn (2001) explain, despite of clear evidence, there is a continuous rejection of racism in Scottish football. There is a belief that â€Å"racism is no problem here and racism is foreign to Scotland† (p. 29). Lipman (1988) also explain that sports agents and marketers fail to accept that institutionalized racism exist in advertising. So, in such cases, being unable even to accept the fact of racism, authorities may not take any action towards it.Finally, it is seen that authorities are not successful in attempting to eliminate discrimination from sports and there are a lot more steps to be taken. In the end, it has been shown that there are not always equal opportunities provided for people from different races in sports. There is an important degree of discrimination going on which has negative effects on athletes and other people engaged in areas of sports. Most of the time, this discrimination is recognized, but cannot be proved directly, because these racial movements mostly take place by oral way.Authorities cannot find any printed proof. Because of this discrimination, many talented people are being put in hard conditions for their career. Some of them had to retire earlier, some of them are moving around the country to find an area in which racism doesnà ¢â‚¬â„¢t appear. It has been shown that authorities were not able to take action to eliminate racism in sports. They should be more effective in punishing discriminatory acts in sports. To conclude, sports should aim to bring people from different ethnicities together in an environment which is free of biases, prejudices, and acts of racism. I

Color dichotomy vs. the ethnoracial pentagon Essay

Throughout American politics, two particularly well known categorizations of race and ethnicity have arisen: â€Å"Color Dichotomy† and the later â€Å"Ethno-racial Pentagon.† Each seeks to define and categorize the vast racial diversity America prides itself on. While intending to create clear and fair ethno-racial constructions, there are obvious advantages and weak spots to each for the purposes of analyzing American politics. An â€Å"old-fashioned† and less popular method of categorization is the â€Å"Color Dichotomy.† This concept distinguishes two complementing counterparts to every situation; in terms of race and ethnicity: white and nonwhite (people of color). In the US, about 75% of Americans identify as white, while about 25% of Americans identify themselves as â€Å"nonwhite.† Applying this construct to other dividing barriers among people, other categories appear such as: oppressor vs oppressed, Hegemon vs. other, and dominant vs. minority. The main advantage of this concept is in its simplicity. By having only two dividing categories, everyone could conceivably fit neatly into one of these two categories. Collapsing an incredible amount of diversity of culture into one all encompassing â€Å"colored† category, however; this framework obviously contains numerous problems. Thousands of differences between many races and culture are consequently ignored. â€Å"[†¦] all distinctions between various ‘colored’ peoples are less significant than the fact that they are nonwhite† (Hollinger 25). It could also be argued that even the â€Å"white† category collapses many different origins into a bland and stereotypical title. The outright ignorance present within this model leads to its unpopularity within American politics especially. The ethno-racial pentagon challenges this model by supplying strong cultural content. In contrast to the two divisions within the color dichotomy, the ethno-racial pentagon provides five more specific categorizations of race/ethnicity: Euro-American, Asian American, African American, Hispanic/Latino, and Indigenous Peoples/Native American. â€Å"To be sure, a value of the pentagon is its capacity to call attention to a certain range of social and cultural diversity† (Hollinger 25). The pentagon also keeps some simplicity, however, so that people are easily categorized for the purposes of affirmative action†¦etc. Although this framework is more  attentive to the differences in the â€Å"nonwhite† group of the Color Dichotomy, it also still retains similar problems of ignoring certain races or collapsing many together into one. All of these ethno-racial blocs have distinguishable diversities which are ignored in order to be jammed into one category or another. Leas t apparent is the diversity within the Euro-American bloc, or whites. Indeed, Jews, who are now considered Euro-American/white, used to be considered a different race altogether. The Irish and the English, between which existed the vehement tension of conflict and oppression, are now thrust together under the same category with the ethno-racial pentagon. The internal diversity within the Asian American group (Koreans, Cambodians, Chinese, Vietnamese, and Japanese†¦and all of the consequent subgroups) must be quietly faded in order to make the category a unit; ignoring such tension between Koreans and Japanese for example. Another bloc in which the condensation of ethnic diversity is also less obvious is that African American bloc. The specific country of origin and culture within the African American bloc is forgotten or ignored as inconsequential. Key to this objection is the â€Å"one-drop rule.† This rule maintains that â€Å"one drop† of African American blood in a person designates that person African American regardless of their other ethnicity(ies). This rule obviously exists to maintain the existence of the African American category without the complications of recognizing white mixing (or other races). This gives the gross impression that African American blood is â€Å"tainted,† â€Å"infectious,† and â€Å"overpowering.† Besides ignoring differences within blocs, another major problem with the ethno-racial pentagon is the exclusion of Arab Americans and multiracial people. According the pentagon, Arabs do not even exist in the US. Multiracial people must either choose only one of their heritages and ignore the other, or choose not to be included under the pentagon. Both of these groups threaten to turn the pentagon into a hexagon. However, even this conformation would be unsuccessful as multiracial people are not necessarily part of their own racial group, but two or more. Ignoring their legitimate ethnicities to create a new bloc which only recognizes the fact that they are multiracial, and not their individual races, would create further problems. These visibly unfair factors continue to weaken the foundation  supporting the ethno-racial pentagon. The ethno-racial pentagon furthermore places a strong and unnecessary emphasis on race as a dividing factor. Identifying an individual as one race or another brings excessive attention on the differences that could potentially separate Americans if these barriers are continually exaggerated and stressed. Interracial relationships are ignored with both systems. However, from a biological perspective, race can almost be ruled out as inconsequential. â€Å"[†¦] The genetic variation from one race to another is scarcely greater than the genetic variation between races† (Hollinger 34). Morever, Hollinger claims â€Å"If the classical race theory of the nineteenth century is not directly behind the pentagon, this structure’s architecture has its unmistakable origins in the most gross and invidious of popular images of what makes human beings different from one another† (32). Overall, the two frameworks for categorization of ethnicity and race contain too many inte rnal weaknesses to be used effectively and fairly in American politics.

A Midsummer Night's Dream

A Midsummer Nights Dream Essay Hoffman meets this challenge by showing Titania being carried around by slaves. This is not common in the mortal world so we instantly think we are somewhere different. Also, the lightening creates a feeling of fear. This makes us feel like this is somewhere we dont know much about and we shouldnt be here. During the play, Shakespeare implies that such is the power of dreams, anything can happen. This is shown as six characters sleep throughout the whole play. This is where a lot of the confusion is caused. First of all, the confusion is caused when Puck applies love potion to the lovers eyes. He first does this to Lysander. This is a mistake by Puck as he is supposed to put it on to Demetrius eyes. This first of all causes confusion for Helena, as she cannot understand why Lysander has suddenly fallen in love with her, as he had run away with Hermia because he loved her so much. Hermia is then confused about Lysanders whereabouts when she wakes up. She looks for Lysander and bumps into Demetrius. She is then confused because she thinks that Demetrius has killed Lysander. Demetrius does not have a clue what she is talking about and decides to try it on with Hermia. Oberon informs Puck of his mistake and his task is now to correct his mistake. He must first of all put the love potion on Demetrius eyes. Whilst Puck does this, Oberon applies the potion to Titanias eyes and tells her to wake when some vile creature is near. This is in order to be able to get the small Indian boy. Mischievous Puck, on his way to correct his mistake decides to put an asss head on Bottom. Titania then wakes when Bottom is singing and falls in love with him. Bottom is then confused, as he cannot understand how someone so beautiful has fallen in love with him. Puck adds the love potion to Demetrius eyes. He then wakes up when Helena is near and falls in love with her. Lysander is also at this point in love with Helena. A battle commences between Lysander and Demetrius for Helenas love. Hermia finds Lysander, who is seeking Helenas love. Hermia cannot understand why Helena has done this to her and begins an argument full of jealousy and envy. At this point in the Hoffman version of the film, I noticed that as the argument got worse, Helena and Hermias state of mind became worse. As this happened, so did their clothes. The clothing in the Hoffman version also seems to be metaphorical of the persons state of mind. For example, at this stage in the play, Hermia is very worked up and confused. Her clothing becomes torn and ripped before she finally ends up falling in a big pool of mud whilst fighting with Helena. Helena cant understand why one person who hated her and someone who loved someone else, has suddenly fallen in love with her. She believes it to be mockery. She then turns around the situation and boasts to Hermia about how it is her turn to sit and watch while Helena attracts the opposite sex. The RSC (Adrian Noble) version of the film can be seen to take the film to another level in a way by adding the extra character, which is the small boy. It adds another story. For example, nowhere in the book does it say that after Lysander and Hermia tell Helena of their plan to run away, a small boy runs after them and falls trough a door into space. This is added by the director for effect. Adrian Noble had obviously researched dreaming and what things in dreams signify. To fall in a dream means that trouble is to follow. READ: What Caused The Civil War EssayThis means in the boys real life but trouble does follow in the rest of the play. The last speech of the play, by Puck suggests that we all may have dreamed what we have just seen. The Adrian Noble focuses on this as he makes the play into a dream. By making the film a boys dream with dreamy props used, the audience also feel like they are in a dream. I like both of the two versions in different ways. Some parts of the Noble version of the film are better than the Hoffman version and visa-versa. I do prefer the Adrian Noble version to the Hoffman version, as it appeals to me as a younger audience. I think the Noble version is more magical, as it uses substitutions for realistic things taking the audience to a different place. I did not find it hard to willingly suspend my disbelief and this is probably because the magical element to the play whisks the audience away. It allows you to get wrapped up in a false play. This must be done or the film wouldnt work. The play is all about surreal goings on and I believe that the Hoffman version is too formal for this theme. Some of the scenes are too real and calm. I do prefer the calmness of the first scene in the Hoffman version, to the chaos in the opening scene of the Noble version, as it is a romantic love scene. I believe that the Noble version of the film is aimed at teenagers and young adults because of its humour. It is surreal and is easy for younger people to imagine. The Noble version is also more energetic and upbeat. Because of it being a stage version, a lot of movement is used to help the play flow. The Hoffman version, however, is much more laid back and professional. Because of the huge budget of the film, real props and costumes are being used, which in some cases make the film boring. For example, Pucks costume in the Hoffman version is quite boring compared to the costume in the Noble version. Also, in the Hoffman version, Puck is not active enough and appears slightly lazy in some instances. I find the Noble version more humorous than the Hoffman version in a lot of places. Because of it appealing to a younger audience, the Noble version has to be funny or the audience will lose interest in the film and the willingness to suspend disbelief will be lost. The funniest part of the Noble version has to be where Titania and Bottom share a moment Titanias umbrella, with Bottom making ass sounds. Bottom is the most humorous character in the Noble version and I prefer the Bottom in the Noble version rather than the Hoffman version. The Hoffman version is also humorous in some instances. For example, when Lysander, Demetrius, Helena and Hermia are found naked in the woods by Egeus. The Noble version is definitely more of a fantasy. It emphasises the fact that the play called A Midsummer Nights Dream and concentrates on the dreaming theme. All real objects are substituted. For example, stars are substituted with light bulbs. The Noble version implants real life objects into dreamy objects. This creates a fantasy rather than something literal. The only fantasy in the Hoffman version is the fairy world, which is well created by the producer. I think that the Hoffman version is more romantic and sensual than the Noble version because of its calmness. The Noble version is too active and humorous to be as romantic as the Noble version. For example, the first scene of the Hoffman version is calm and sadistic. There is a fountain flowing in the courtyard whilst Theseus and Hippolyta express their feelings to each other. The Noble version, however, has thins in a room full of bright colours and everything larger than life, which I do not like. For me, the Noble version overpowers the Hoffman version. It beats the Hoffman version in almost every area and as a younger audience I prefer the Adrian Noble film version rather than the Michael Hoffman film version of the play A Midsummer Nights Dream.

The education of looked after children within the UK Essay

The education of looked after children within the UK - Essay Example As a result of this, most schools and educators are not aware that they have looked after children, let alone have implemented programs to help these children. Therefore, the literature suggests that this is an area that needs considerable work on both the part of social workers and educators, as there needs to be more coordination between these entities, so that schools may become aware of the children and their needs and may be able to implement specialized programs to address these needs. The topic of this paper is the education of looked after children. To this end, the research centered around this issue, and did not focus upon other issues which affect looked after children, such as mental health, etc. What the literature revealed in this area is that the local authorities and the social workers need to make a coordinated effort with the schools to identify looked after children, and to personalize an educational plan to meet their individual needs. This is important for the educational achievement of the children, and the literature reveals that, when this properly occurs, children do much better with their cognitive functioning and IQ levels (Tideman et al. 2011 ). What the literature also reveals, however, is that this is, by and large, not occurring, as most schools not only are not aware of how many looked after children they have, but are unaware that they have any looked after children at all (Connelly et al., 2008). There is a real disconnect between what should be happening and what actually is happening, and the children are falling through the cracks. The looked after children should have specialized programs for them, as well as specialized educational plans, but this cannot occur unless schools are made aware of their presence and needs. Because of this, the literature also reveals that many looked after children end up being excluded altogether from school (McClung, 2008), and this is the logical extension of what is

The benefits of starting a greenfield investment for pharmaceutical Essay

The benefits of starting a greenfield investment for pharmaceutical packaging firms undertaking foreign direct investments - Essay Example and the market, which was worth $ 219.9 billion in 2012 is forecast to reach $ 374.8 billion by 2018, indicating a compounded annual growth rate of 9.1 percent (Freedonia 32-303; Markets And Markets 21-78; TLL Media) Local pharmaceutical manufacturers supply 50 percent of the requirement, and imports meet the other demand. The per capita expenditure on drugs is 130 Euros, in comparison of 300 Euros for western European regions Segmentation is also seen in the types of containers such as vials, ampoules, inhalers, powders, tubes, special closers and dispensers, caps, tamper proof caps, etc., and in the packaging process, types of drugs packed, and other factors. Pharmaceutical firms give importance to the quality and integrity of the packaging firm, dispensing errors and dosing, and the industry is very price sensitive. Hence, the packaging firms need to control cost, and maintain very strict control over the dosing and dispensing in each pack. The PESTLE analysis is used to analyse the external environmental forces that impact an industry. The forces analysed are political, economic, social, technology, legal, and environmental (Williamson, et al, 3-4). In this section, the PESTLE analysis is applied for the pharmaceutical packaging industry in Serbia. Since the past five years, Serbia has received more than $ 16 billion FDI. Various taxes such as Salary tax at 12%; corporate income tax rate at 10%, Property tax 0.4%, VAT 18% is the lowest in the region. Many foreign firms such as Fiat, US Steel, Lafarge, Coca Cola, Microsoft, Siemens, Nestle, and others have set up manufacturing plants and FDI inflows in 2013 stood at $ 3.01 billion. About 97 percent of western investors look at Serbia as the favoured destination for FDI. People are well educated, with a large number of schools and colleges offering high quality education. The brain drain, when thousands of talented Serbian graduates migrated to other European countries has reduced This section provides a

Second Wave Feminism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Second Wave Feminism - Essay Example The third wave stands on the shoulders of the second wave, finishing what they began, while creating a legacy for the next generation to come. The second wave stood on the shoulders of the first, recognizing the distance that women still had to go to find equality. The third wave fights the battles the second wave began. Second wave feminism has just ended, but already has made a profound impact on society. It is especially clear in literature. In the book Finding Fran by Lois Banner, the personal becomes political, as the reader sees how women in the 1950's find feminism, and how they react. In Rubyfruit Jungle, by Rita Mae Brown, the reader is taken on a journey to how lesbians had to live before the second wave, and why fighting for equality became so important to them. In Scars of Sweet Paradise, by Alice Echols, the reader is able to see how Janis Joplin lived, and died, because she did not fit into the mold society had created for women. And in Women in Modern America, also by Lois Banner, the reader sees how feminism has touched the lives of millions, and has become a fight for equality for everyone, not just radicals. Through these four books, the reader is able to see the many facets of second wave feminism, and is able to better understand the reasons behind the movement. The 1960's were a time for free love, revolution, and war protests. ... Women began the sexual revolution, demanding the right to choose their fate and sexual identities. Judy Chicago took her Dinner Party out into the world, demanding that women deserve a place at the table, and in the conversation. In New York, gays and lesbians demanded rights after Stonewall. Title IX allowed girls equal opportunities for sports in schools (Banner 2004). The National Organization of Women put out their statement of purpose, demanding We, men and women who hereby constitute ourselves as the National Organization for Women, believe that the time has come for a new movement toward true equality for all women in America, and toward a fully equal partnership of the sexes, as part of the world-wide revolution of human rights now taking place within and beyond our national borders. (Banner 2004) These changes help define the second wave as women and men who are unwilling to allow the country to stay the way it is. They insisted that things must change, and that everyone deserves a voice. For Rita Mae Brown, and other queer individuals, it was also time to take a stance. Second wave feminism allowed for not just the female majority to demand rights, but also the minority. The lesbians, the American Indian women, and the disabled were all actively involved in demanding rights. In discovering her sexual identity, Brown learned more about herself then she could have imagined. Her parents (Carrie and Carl) had adopted her, and from the beginning she knew she was a bastard. Her sexuality did not bother her, but it bothered others. "So now I wear this label 'Queer' emblazoned on my chest. Or I could always carve a scarlet "L" on my forehead. Why does everyone have to put you in a box and nail the lid on it" (Brown 1973). In

Human Rights According to Adolf Hitler Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Human Rights According to Adolf Hitler - Essay Example The Napoleonic France and Nazi Germany depict authorities that struggled to their death as new states were born. This paper will therefore compare and contrast excerpts from Hitler’s speech and French national assembly declaration of human rights. The definition of human rights has raised numerous controversies in the new era of democracies (Docker 121). It is evident that every regime has its own definition of human rights. In addition, different countries or governments cannot share their ideologies concerning human rights. For instance, the current wars in Afghanistan and Iraq were initiated in the disguise of human rights. According to the Americans, toppling authoritarian Taliban led regime was a way of promoting human rights in Afghanistan. However, the move might not have had a similar implication to the Afghan people. Similarly, the two excerpts demonstrate the conflicting views of human rights according to Hitler and the French national assembly declaration of man and human rights. According to Adolf Hitler, human right should be an aspect of survival. Thus, every individual should struggle to ensure that he or she lives according to his own definition of human rights. Hitler believed that â€Å"The fundamental motif [theme] through all the centuries has been the principle that force and power are the determining factors... This indicates that citizens need to understand their rights for the government to be able to implement human rights on its citizens. According to the extract on the French national assembly human rights declaration, â€Å"the assembly was organized believing that ignorance, neglect or contempt of the rights of man is the main cause of public misfortune.† This indicates that the French believed in the self-made human rights while the Nazi Germans believed in a regime sustained human rights. Hitler’s’ elimination of the Jewish people was inspired by his definition of human rights (Quist-Adade web). His involvement in World War I was a symbol of his devotion to the human rights of the Germans. Although Hitler came into power through democratic elections, he did not believe that the people had the rights to choose their leaders through elections. His support for a democratic election was a scheme to gain control of the country. After gaining power, Hitler imposed a dictatorial authority over Germany until his death in April 1945. Hitler’s speech indicates his resistance towards democracy. In fact, Hitler can be described as a symbol of anti-democracy. On the other hand, the French national assembly of human right supports democracy. The assembly supports a people driven democracy or democracy that is based on people’s understanding of their human rights. On the other hand, Hitler considered the regime as the paramount determinant of human right. Thus, a regime has the right to impose its own definition of democracy on the people. However, from the French national assembly on human rights, the citizens are vital in the formation of a government. Thus â€Å" they saw government as a creation of the people, when the social contract had been broken, then the

Why have some financial intermediaries retained a mutual structure Essay

Why have some financial intermediaries retained a mutual structure while others have converted to investorowned companies (500words) - Essay Example Knowledge and understanding of how others conduct business is an incredible advantage toward the understanding of global management accountancy situations. For example, where the deal is always the single most important consideration to Americans, the details and the way those details are ironed out would be more important for Europeans and Asians. This is where cultures clash in the board room. Something many who are experienced in global management accountancy would state unequivocally. (Brett, 2003) In the context of investor owned companies, it can be stated that in the eyes of many from the northern states in the US this is the preferred method for management accountancy and enforcing a series of set standards toward labor and economics in the world. A businessperson's largest asset would have to be the support gained by his or her employees or employers depending upon the infrastructure in the company. The south would have a different viewpoint, in that centralization tends to favor one body in place of more than that. Understanding global economics from a managerial perspective requires an understanding primarily of accountancy and economics. Secondly, we must understand how our accountancy and economics associates in a global landscape and finally, how cultures and accountancy coincide or clash depending upon the situation.

BSB119 Global Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

BSB119 Global Business - Essay Example The media also felt affected from the inhuman act which led them to air the documentary. The media highlighted the cruelty so as relevant stakeholders could intervene. Animals Australia which is an animal lobby group, demonstrated on the fundamental rights of the cattle. The group fights for the welfare of animals. The government was also affected through the loss of taxes. During the time of the ban, the government lost $320 million dollars from the entire six months period. b) The transfer risk is the most interfered from the ban of live cattle trade. Transfer risk refer to the government’s interference with a company’s ability to exchange funds to and from a country. The live cattle trade involves the international trade between Australia and Indonesia. The Australian farmers benefited through foreign exchange. The government also benefitted greatly through the realization of income and tax duties. Based on Christopher (2015) the government lost a total of three hundred and twenty million US dollars from the ban. Further, the ban also led to loss of employment, which provided income to the workers. A maximum of 300 jobs were lost leading to loss of income in subsequent departments. The Indonesian cattle importers also lost income from the ban. c) The cattle industry stakeholders could have had joint international consultations prior to the regrettable decision. The concerned parties could have had international talks to address the issue. The talks could have ended the issue peacefully without affecting the farmers and the consumers. The move promotes international trade and integration. The cattle importers and exporters could have used their respective Animal Councils to ensure that they operated within the accepted ethical framework. The Australian and the Indonesian Animal Councils formulate the accepted codes of practice for better outcomes. The Indonesian government through its Animal councils could have played their oversight

Wave-current interaction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Wave-current interaction - Essay Example These powerful and varied forces can wreak considerable damage on a wide variety of human activity, making â€Å"reliable prediction of wave motion in coastal areas †¦ crucial to coastal engineering applications associated with nearshore morphologic change and harbor/inlet maintenance †¦ In some areas, however, ambient tidal and other currents can be strong and their effect on wave transformation can be substantial. They create a Doppler shift and cause wave refraction, reflection and breaking, which can result in overall redistribution of wave energy† (Chen, Panchang & Demirbilek, 2005). An understanding of several key terms is necessary to the discussion. The term wave-current interaction is used to describe the various ways in which wave height, wave length and wave energy are affected when a wave encounters a current (French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea, 1998). â€Å"Wave height is the distance from a waves trough to its crest †¦ The crest is the top of an unbroken wave, the trough is at the bottom of the front of the wave† (Wave Basics, 2006). Wave length is generally accepted to mean â€Å"the distance in a periodic wave between two points of corresponding phase in consecutive cycles† (Stewart, 2005) or a measurement of â€Å"the length between the top point of one wave, and the top of the next† (Explaining Waves, 2005). Wave energy can be explained as a concentrated form of solar energy as swells are created by the interaction of wind on the water surface, transferring solar energy to the water (Ocean Wave Energy, 20 05). Prediction of these wave motions are made complicated with the introduction of refraction, reflection and breaking. Refraction is â€Å"a process in which the wave crests tend to parallel the depth contours† (Coastal Change, 2003) upon entering shallow waters. â€Å"The reflection of

Bank of Japan Essay Example for Free

Bank of Japan Essay Japan underwent a decade-long odyssey with deflation and the zero-bound problem. Economic activity in Japan slowed precipitously following the collapse of the socalled bubble economy in December 1989, and Japan began to experience deflation by early 1995. During this initial period, while the economy was slowing, forecasters and policymakers consistently underestimated the extent of Japan’s economic malaise. Consequently, while monetary policy seemed appropriate in terms of the prevailing outlook, the loosening proved woefully inadequate in hindsight. Convinced that Japan’s economic fundamentals were too severely distressed to be rectified with standard monetary policy measures, on March 19, 2001 the Bank of Japan announced a new policy of â€Å"quantitative easing†, in an attempt to stimulate the nation’s stagnant economy. Under this policy, the BOJ increased its current account target far beyond the level of commercial bank required reserves. This had the expected impact of reducing the already-low overnight call rate effectively to zero. In addition, the BOJ committed to maintain the policy until the core consumer price index registered â€Å"stably† a zero percent or an increase year on year. Such a policy was unprecedented in the history of central banking in any country. Available Choices and Key Decision On March 2006, which is five years after the â€Å"quantitative easing† policy embarked, the issue concern it was bring back to the desk. The Japanese economy was improving at that time and the core consumer price index (CPI) was showing steady growth after years of deflation, one of the predetermined conditions for lifting the policy. As such there was widespread speculation over the future of the policy. One question arisen: Would the current quantitative easing policy persist or would the BOJ return to a normal monetary stance that targeted interest rates? On March 9th 2006, the central bank made the widely expected decision to lift the quantitative easing policy. The BOJ also drew up a set of measures aimed at averting possible market turmoil that could result from lifting the policy. The exit from QF was announced as follows:â€Å" †¦ The outstanding balance of current accounts at the Bank of Japan will be reduced towards a level in line with required reserves. †¦ the reduction in current account balance is expected to be carried out over a period of a few months, taking full account of conditions in the short-term money market. The process will be managed through shot-term money market operations. With respect to the outright purchases of long-term interest-bearing Japanese government bonds, purchases will continue at the current amounts and frequency for some time.† Thus, the BOJ make it clear that the reduction of the excess reserves would be conducted through adjustments of its liquidity operations and not by a rapid reduction of its portfolio of Japanese government securities. In fact, the BOJ announced that it actually would maintain its outright purchases of long-term Japanese government bonds at the pace of 1.2 trillion yen per month. On the same day the BOJ made its decision, the Japan Investment Council, a ministerial-level panel chaired by Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi, agreed to set a target of doubling the amount of direct investment in Japan by overseas investors to 5% of gross domestic product over the next four years. Personal Decision and Reason Since the BOJ has supplied extremely ample liquidity with current account balance at the bank as the main operating target and the core consumer price index registered â€Å"stably† a zero percent or an increase year on year as the commitment has already been maintained, the exit from QE is preferred choice that BOJ should make. At that time, exports have continued to increase reflecting the expansion of overseas economies. With respect to domestic private demand, business-fixed investment has also continued to increase against the backdrop of high corporate profits. Meanwhile, the output gap is gradually narrowing. Unit labour costs generally face weakening downward pressures as wages began to rise amid productivity gains. Furthermore, firms and households are shifting up their expectations fro inflation. In this environment, year-on-year changes in the consumer price index are expected to remain positive. From all the aspects, BOJ had already fulfilled the commitment made when the quantitative easing started to carry out. Therefore, it was time for BOJ to return to a normal monetary stance that targeted interest rates. And the strategy BOJ used when exit from QE was preferred. The advantage was that the exit of QE was predominantly limited to just one item on the BOJ’s balance sheet and that the balance sheet adjustments were conducted through operations directly with the banking sector, which facilitated the management of the exit process. Since the central bank was set to maintain zero interest rates for some time, the exit from QE would avoid the undesirable effect of inducing the flow of individual investors’ duns into high-risk, high-return instruments and avoid the case rise to speculative money games played out in some corners of the real estate and stock markets. Last but not least, the process of exit from QE showed a collaborative relationship between BOJ and the government. It was a good example for BOJ to maintain a good communication with the government in order to avoid negligent lapses and avoid the distortion to the economy like which happened during the late 1980s due to the government’s excessive influence over monetary policy. This decision lead BOJ one step forward to bank’s autonomy from the state. All in all, the exit from QE in Japan had been considered a success and its experience may serve as a useful example for other central banks.

An Overview of Antonal Music

An Overview of Antonal Music Kenneth Laino I. What is Atonality? Unfamiliarity is the basis of atonal music; a musical genre whose foundation deprives the wired human minds desire of a tonal resolution. In a sense the whole movement can be seen as anarchical expression. For generations it has been ingrained in our western culture for music to stay in a particular key or to develop the idea of tonality, where music plays at the constant ebb and flow of resolution and tension yet such principles that seemed inherent to the very existence of enjoyable music are cyclically toyed, abandoned, and reinvented. The modern era was prime for such radical changes in philosophy. In order to avoid an era of resignation, leaps of defiance were stated and claimed to achieve a sense of progress and identity. As such we can view the experiment of atonal music as characterized by the occurrence of pitches in novel combinations, as well as by the occurrence of familiar pitch combinations in unfamiliar environments (Forte 1977, 1). Atonality in its broadest sense is music that lacks a tonal center or key, it refuses to conform to a system of tonal hierarchy, where pitches focus on a single, central tone, and instead retorts with mastery of independent function for the creation of new roots- thus atonality is inspired.   Ã‚   II. Origins: The Development of Impressionism and Expressionism The early 20th century was a culmination of an artistic endeavors, experimenting in different styles both in the visual and audial mediums. The main proponents explored in this musical era would be the inclusion of impressionism and expressionism. For a brief look into the musical scene of impressionism there was leading figures, Claude Debussy and Maurice Ravel, both of whom were dissuaded by their labels given by critiques, that imbeciles call impressionism, a term employed with the utmost inaccuracy. An aesthetic and philosophical term borrowed from the parallel, artistic revolution; a vivid analogy to painters who would focus on the audience perception to achieve an overall impression. Simply put, the key goal was to arouse emotion and convey moods, and as such various composers in Western classical music followed suite arriving at the defining characteristic of the entire impressionism movement: color or in musical terms, timbre. Displaying landscapes through orchestration, harm onic usage, and texture. Other elements developed included the general use of new chord combinations (that were unresolved such as the 9th, 11ths, 13ths), ambiguous tonality, extended harmonies, parallel motions, extra-musicality, and relishing on top, the use modes and exotic scales. In order to capture a sense of detached observation, the normal syntax is usually disrupted and individual styles are carry through to maintain that integrity of the works meaning. Already essential themes to the era including experimentation for the mediums progress, the destruction of well established systems, expressing the individual, and moving away from the tonal key. As the mostly French focused on Impressionism, the corresponding movement of their rivals, the Germans, are going to focus on music differently; thus Expressionism is in existence. The underlying construct in Expressionism is psychological rather than artistic. With the advent of influential psychoanalysis studies, such as Sigmund F reud, making people think about the reasons why they behave in certain ways, drawn out the more oppressed, twisted side of the human psyche. Expressionism had a dark, intense color and unlike Impressionism were generally not solely instrumental, in fact operas were a hallmark of these styles in order to reciprocate the story of peoples actions. In the 20th century there is finally variety in the ways of expression. In order to truly create tension or the sense of a person loss, Atonality is an excellent tool to convey that. The music lacks focus and doesnt have a sense of direction as were dependent on patterns and repetition to guide us thus we move away from a tonal key and instead builds an exuberant amount of tension in the perspective of possibly someones personal strife and the general mental condition. The leaders of this movement would be Arnold Schoenberg and Alban Berg. Alban Berg would use structures well-known and prey on them. For example an opera by him, Wozzeck is common in it having three-acts labeled as Exposition, Development, and Catastrophe. He leads us into the thought of a sonata cycle where the end is a typical tragedy. Staying faithful to tradition, each act has 5 scenes familiar to a balanced classical style. However these characteristics are just for surface appeal theyre twisted each act is a set of variations, placing it under new context. It attempts to drive the listener it away a sense of tonality. And he uses Sprechstimme, a compositional technique similar to modern day improvisation where the score for the singer would be specified rhythms but intentionally be left without the notes which created a structured eery sound where the pitches arent specified and lost a direction of key, and possibly amplified with the abandonment of lyrics for spoken words. Techniques and styles that were the byproduct of expressionism and impressionism were vital to evolution of atonality in the 20th century split in music. III. Writing Atonal Music : 12 Tone Technique After the deaths of Mahler (1911) and Debussy in (1918) the world was open to pushing the limits of western harmonies. In fact a small 20th century split developed between tonal composers, lead by composers such as Igor Stravinsky, saw over a gradual evolution of the tonal system, expanding on musical ambiguity but still remained in the confines of the well-established tonal system. Eventually this process would lead to a point of no return which serial or non-tonal composers would turn to, such as Arnold Schoenberg, whom dove straight to a convulsive transformation of the tonal system to a complete new language of music. Of course disputes of which side truly represented modern music were brought up, Stravinsky almost switching tonality on and off versus Schoenberg who declared a complete break with tonality and symmetric syntactic structures. Yet they shared the motivation; to increase expressive power in music. Arnold Schoenberg was an Austrian composer and conductor who migrated to America during WWII. During his time, he focused on promoting new music to the world to advance a sense of progress, and thus supported new ideas and impressionist movements in his works. In 1905 he composed Pelleas and Melisande a popular story at the time which importantly introduced the first use of a trombone glissando in an art music. Gradually, we sense pleas to escape the chains of tonality, with his development of Quaternary Harmonies (building chords on fourths) in pieces such as Kammersymphonie (which means chamber symphony) in 1907 as influenced by the impressionists who would use these quartal chords because it didnt lead anywhere. Eventually he would have dissonance that never resolve a lingering tension. In 1909 he would abandon writing key signatures at all! His first piece resembling any form of atonality would truly be his Opus 11. A string quartet with a soprano voice rejecting tonality would sing Ich fà ¼hle Luft von einem anderen Planeten (I feel the air of another planet) And thus breath was finally spoken, which lead to the idea of free atonality (which would not be until his Opus 25, the first use of his 12-tone technique). Atonality at the time seemed to fulfill the condition of progress and continue romantic expression from Mahler and it seemed to be the next logical and inevitable milestone; however, by reaching a dead through the abandonment of all the rules and absolute freedom from constraints made it difficult to listen to. Even with the intuitively brilliant syntax of these works, unfortunately, it was hard for the composer and listener to avoid the innate drive for atonality. The experiment to get away from tonality sadly ended with the burdening sense for a resolution, without a working structure, and without any cues or clues for general memorability. In the end if you listened to Atonal Music you would know why its never used again. (Luthye, 2017) In order to begin writing atonal music like Schoeneberg, lets focus on the most basic compositional strategy in writing for the serial method (which is to use all 12 tones all the time but without any tonal relationship). The goal of atonality is to move away from a certain key. Tonality is developed through the repetition notes and thus notes must equally used without a specific relation. In the Twelve-Tone System or Dodecaphonic Technique you develop a tone row, however unlike Debussy who always stayed with in the key, it must use all 12 tones before it can repeat any of the tones. After writing a tone with 12 different tones the goal is avoid repetition to maintain interest and avoid making that tone row the new tonal center. Common variations include, a retrograde, playing all notes in the tone row backwards and an inverse, playing all notes in intervals of the opposite direction (notes go equidistant in half-steps but in the opposite direction.) Keep in mind however a tri-tone interval would remain the same as theyre equidistant. From there the music can be simply written with personal variation; with multiple applications such as an inverse-retrograde and retrograde-inverse, variety of rhythms, and having many different tone rows the possibilities are endless, so get creative! Atonality takes its roots in being a product of a period of extreme artistic progress. Though its inability to be defined as art, or even appealing lead to its downfall its experimentation wasnt in vain. Though not fully used, it showed us the limits of music and expanded musical expression in pure variety; allowing for full control of chromaticism and modulation still seen today in Jazz. Sources: Beach, David (ed.). 1983. Schenkerian Analysis and Post-Tonal Music, Aspects of Schenkerian Theory. New Haven: Yale University Press. Forte, Allen. 1977. The Structure of Atonal Music. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-02120-2. Kostka, Stefan and Payne, Dorothy (1995). Tonal Harmony. Third Edition. ISBN 0-07-300056-6. Schoenberg, Arnold. 1978. Theory of Harmony, translated by Roy Carter. Berkeley Los Angeles: University of California Press. Zimmerman, Daniel J. 2002. Families without Clusters in the Early Works of Sergei Prokofiev. PhD diss. Chicago: University of Chicago.

standard operating procedures

standard operating procedures SOPs Standard Operating Procedures A General Overview Aim This document is not meant to be all encompassing but is designed to give readers an overview as to what should be in a SOP and what a SOP might look like. Background It was common in the past for to be photocopied from a book and notes/scribbles to be added to a method to adapt it to a Laboratorys specific needs. This resulted in analysts using different versions of the same method and obtaining different results. It also hindered the communication of improvements that an individual analyst had made to a method, as it was not known how many copies of a method existed and whether they had all been updated to include the improved method. A way to improve this chaos is to ensure that all methods and procedures shall be documented to the extent necessary to ensure proper implementation and consistency of application. Hence the introduction of the concept of SOPs Standard Operating Procedures. It is sometimes not practical for laboratories to use an SOP which is fully documented specifying each type and individual test procedure. For example, analysis of soil samples for polyaromatic hydrocarbons. It is simpler to write an SOP on the preparation of soil extracts for analysis by gas chromatography and another SOP of a more general nature regarding the analysis of extracts by gas chromatography. Information required for all SOPs All SOPs should contain the following information Authorised by (Someone in the organisation needs to approve the SOP before it can be used)  ·Copy number (A record of the number of copies of an SOP needs to be kept each individual copy has its own number identifies if there are any illicit versions in use ) Page x of y (e.g. Page 1 of 6 appears at the bottom of each page identifies if there are pages missing from a method) Other information may include when the method should be reviewed, individual reference numbers for when an organisation has many SOPs, Issue numbers to identify new versions of a method from old versions of a method which have been withdrawn. To help explain some of the terms below, parts of an SOP involving the analysis of nitrite in water have been reproduced in boxes like this. THESE WILL ONLY BE EXAMPLES AND ARE NOT COMPREHENSIVE. Title Determination of A analyte(s)or measurand(s)}, in C {matrix} using D {principle} Determination of nitrite in water by UV/Visible spectrophotometry Scope Enables a user to see quickly whether the method is appropriate for a desired application (see also the Annex- method validation and measurement uncertainty). the analyte (measurand) which can be determined by the method, the sample matrix from which the analyte (measurand) may be determined, the technique used in the method, the minimum sample size, known interferences which prevent or limit the working of the method, the concentration range of the method.  · The amount of nitrite in an aqueous sample can be determined.  · The detection limit is 0.01 mg dm-3 for a 30 cm3 sample.  · There is a maximum limit of 0.25 mg dm-3 for a 30 cm3 sample. Dilutions can be carried out on the sample to extend the range of analysis.  · Type of sample: Raw and potable waters and sewage effluents.  · Samples that are highly coloured or turbid can cause interference*. * If the alkalinity of the sample is high, such that a pH value of 1.9  ± 0.1 is not attained after the addition of the sulphanilamide reagent (.) then the formation of the azo-dye is affected. *It may be more appropriate to have a separate section for interferences. Warning Safety Precautions handling the samples handling or preparing solvents, reagents, standards, or other materials operation of equipment requirements for special handling environments, e.g. fume cupboards  · N-1-naphthylethylenediamine dihydrochloride should be regarded as a special hazard. Skin contact with the solid and solution containing it should be avoided.  · Disposable gloves should be worn when handling effluent or sewage samples. Normal precautions to avoid skin contact and/or ingestion should be taken in the handling of all reagents. Definitions Define any unusual terms, use ISO definitions wherever possible. Quote sources. Include chemical formulae/structures if appropriate. Principle Outline the principle by which the analytical technique operates. This section should be written so that a summary of how the method works can be seen quickly. The method is based on the diazotisation of sulphanilamide by nitrite in the presence of phosphoric acid, at pH 1.9, and the subsequent formation of an azo dye with N-1-naphthylethylenediamine. The absorbance of this dye is measured at 540 nm and is related to the nitrite concentration by means of a calibration curve. Reactions Where appropriate to clarifying the working of the method or calculations, include details of any relevant chemical reactions. This may be relevant, e.g. where derivatisation is involved, titrimetry etc.. Reagents Materials List all of the reagents materials, blanks, QC samples and standards and certified reference materials required for the analytical process, identified by letter or number. List: details of any associated hazards including instructions for disposal, appropriate grade of reagent/chemical, specialist suppliers for rare chemicals, need for calibration and QC materials, details of preparation, including need to prepare in advance, containment and storage requirements, shelf life of raw material and prepared reagent, required concentration, noting whether w/v, w/w or v/v, labelling requirements. a. All reagents should be of at least analytical reagent grade. b. Water : In all cases demineralised water shall be used. c. Nitrite Stock forStandard Solution, 1000 mg dm-3 NO2: Weigh out 1.5000 g  ± 0.0050 g of sodium nitrite, (previously dried overnight at 105  ± 5 ° C and stored in a desiccator desiccant silica gel) and transfer quantitativelyto a 1 dm3 Grade A volumetric flask containing approximately 500 cm3 of water (b). Make up to the mark with water (b) and stopper. Shake until all the solid dissolves. Transfer to an appropriately labelled glass bottle and store in the refrigerator. The solution is stable for 1 month. d. Orthophophosphoric acid 85% w/w: e. 2 mg dm-3 Nitrite Standard: Using a Grade A glass pipette, pipette 2 cm3 of 1000 mg dm-3 stock nitrite solution (c) into a 1 dm3 Grade A volumetric flask and make up to volume with water (b). Stopper and shake to mix. Transfer to an appropriately labelled glass bottle, stopper and store in a refrigerator. The solution is stable for 1 week. f. Nitrite Stock for Quality Control Solution 1000 mg dm3 NO2: Ideally the sodium nitrite should be obtained from a different source to that used for the standard. Weigh out 1.5000 g  ± 0.0050 g of sodium nitrite g. Sulphanilamide Reagent: Using a 100 cm3 measuring cylinder, add 50 cm3 of 85% orthophosphoric acid (d) to a 500 cm3 beaker containing 250 cm3 of water (b). Weigh out 20.00 g  ± 0.25 g of sulphanilamide and quantitatively transfer to the beaker. Stir with a glass rod until the solid dissolves. Weigh out 1.00 g  ± 0.10 g of N- 1-naphthylethylenediamine dihydrochloride and quantitatively transfer to the beaker. Stir with a glass rod until the solid dissolves. Quantitatively transfer the solution to a 500 cm3 volumetric flask and make up to volume with water (b). Stopper the flask and shake to mix. Transfer to an appropriately labelled amber glass bottle and store in the refrigerator. The solution is stable for 1 month. NB Immediately before use, this solution should be brought to room temperature. Points to note from example: Each reagent is uniquely identified so as to avoid confusion. Weigh 20.00 g Indicates that a balance capable of weighing to 2 decimal places is required. 20.00 g  ± 0.25 g Tells the analyst that he needs to be between 19.75 g and 20.25 g. Using a 50 cm3 measuring cylinder Indicates accuracy required for this procedure. Quantitatively transfer Indicates that you need to transfer all the solid with washings to the beaker. Appropriately labelled This might include: Name of reagent, Concentration of reagent, Date reagent made, Expiry date of reagent, Name of analyst who prepared the reagent Most computer systems can be used to produce sheets of labels that suits an individuals and/or organisations needs. Apparatus Equipment Describe in sufficient detail the individual pieces of equipment and how they are connected to enable unambiguous set-up. For glassware include grade where applicable. Include environmental requirements (fume cupboards etc.). a. A {Manufacturers name/model number} UV/Visible spectrophotometer with 10 mm glass cells is used. b. The instrument should be switched on for a minimum of half an hour before the analysis. Set the wavelength to 540 nm. Details of operation of the instrument are given in the instruction manual for the instrument. It may be appropriate to reproduce the relevant parts of the instruction manual in the SOP i.e. how to set up and use the spectrophotometer. This will depend on how easy it is to get access to the manual. Sampling Sample Preparation Include sufficient detail to describe how the test portion is obtained from the sample as received by the laboratory. All information on the precautions to be taken to minimise the risk of contamination of the samples needs to be included. Include information regarding the storage, conditioning and disposal of samples. Many laboratories will write a separate document about the receipt, labelling, storage and disposal of samples to save having to duplicate this information on individual SOPs. Environmental Control List any special environmental conditions and cross reference to safety section, e.g. temperature control. Calibration Identify the critical parts of the analytical process. These will have to be controlled by careful operation and calibration. Cross reference to the relevant sections above. It may be easier to incorporate this section with the analytical procedure section. Include calibration of equipment what needs to be calibrated, how, with what, and how often? It is normally easier to write separate documents to cover the calibration of balances, automatic pipettes, thermometers, refrigerators, freezers and spectrophotometers to save having to put all this information into each SOP. Quality Control Explain the quality control procedures, frequency of quality control checks during batch analysis, pass/fail criteria, action to take in the event of a failure. It may be appropriate to incorporate this section in the analytical procedure section. Analytical Procedure Describe the analytical procedure, cross referencing previous sections as appropriate including reagents (with the appropriate identifier), apparatus and instrumentation. Indicate at which point in the analytical procedure the quality control, and calibration procedures should be performed.  · Use a 50 cm3 measuring cylinder to transfer 30 cm3 of either sample, blank water (.), standard or QC solution to appropriately labelled test tubes. For each batch of samples, one sample should be replicated.  · For effluent samples or samples which are likely to contain significant levels of nitrite, using a glass pipette, pipette 3 cm3 of sample into a 50 cm3 measuring cylinder containing 27 cm3 of water.  · If any of the samples are highly coloured or turbid, prepare a sample blank by transferring 30 cm3 of the appropriate sample to an appropriately labelled test tube and add 1 cm3 of 10% orthophosphoric acid (). Treat as an ordinary sample except that water () is added instead of sulphanilamide reagent (.).  · Using an automatic pipette add 0.75 cm3 of sulphanilamide solution (.) to each tube. Mix immediately by swirling, and allow to stand for at least 30 minutes but no longer than two hours.  · Measure the absorbance of the blank (.) and the standard (.)  · Enter the relevant information in the spectrophotometeric logbook* and check that the absorbance of the standard is within the specified range detailed in the log book. If the absorbance falls outside this range, consult a senior officer before proceeding further.  · Determine the nitrite concentration of the QC solution () and the samples. Plot the concentration recorded for the QC solution (.) on the appropriate quality control chart , together with the date and your initials. If the point does not fall within the set limits, the senior officer in charge must be informed. * Any samples that give concentrations greater than 0.25 mg dm3, must be discarded and the analysis repeated using a diluted sample. Points to note: If any of the samples are highly coloured or turbid. Guidelines on how to handle difficult samples Using an automatic pipette Defines the accuracy that the reagent has to be measured to For effluent samples or samples which are likely to contain significant levels of nitrite Guidelines on how to handle samples whose nitrite concentration will probably exceed the range for the method. Leave the colour to develop for 30 to 60 minutes This implies that the colour development time is important. You will have needed to carry out some checks to show that these times are satisfactory. Any samples that give concentrations greater than 0.25 mg dm-3, must be discarded and the analysis repeated using a diluted sample Only concentrations in the working range of the method should be reported. Consult a senior officer There will always be times when the analyst encounters problems or unknown situations the analyst should be encouraged to seek help from an experienced member of staff. Log Books Information to be recorded in the log book associated with spectrophotometer might include serial number, service dates, calibration checks (e.g. wavelength), repairs (e.g. new lamp). On a daily basis information recorded might include date, name of analyst, analysis (e.g. nitrite), wavelength used, absorbance of blank, concentration and absorbance of standard. At the front of the log book should be sufficient information regarding the nitrite analysis for the operator to determine if there is a problem, e.g. nitrite analysis, wavelength 540 nm, acceptable absorbances of (a) blank 0.000  ± 0.005, (b) 0.25 mg dm-3 nitrite standard 0.250  ± 0.010. Repeatability measurement on the same solution  ± 0.003. Log Books; points to note: Use of a standard, quality control and blank and a replicate sample and recording the information in a log book means that you can demonstrate with reasonable certainty that (a) the reagents were made up correctly, (b) the standards were made up correctly, (c) there was no contamination present, (d) the spectrophotometer was set up correctly and (e) the analysis can be repeated and give a result to within the expected limit. Calculation Lay out the formulae for calculating the results ensuring all terms are clearly defined and derived. Specify requirements for checking, cross reference to QC requirements and indicate how corrections should be dealt with. Reporting Procedures Including Expression Of Results Indicate how results should be reported, including; rounding of numbers; final units. It may be appropriate to indicate the level of associated with the method.  · Results are reported to two significant figures as mg dm-3 Nitrite (NO2) except where the customer has asked for the results to be reported as mg dm-3 Nitrogen in which case the analytical results are multiplied by 14/46. * Where significant dilutions have to be made then a comment about the dilution used should be put on the sheet used to report the results. Precision , accuracy and detection limits  · Spectrophotometric measurements on the same solution must have an absorbance range no greater than  ± 0.003.  · A significant absorbance for a sample is 0.010 (after correction for the blank). A detection limit of 0.01 mg dm-3 (equivalent to an absorbance of approximately 0.010) is quoted for a 30 cm3 sample. This becomes 0.1 mg dm-3 for an effluent sample where the amount of sample taken is 3 cm3.  · Where typical absorbances readings (as listed in the log book) cannot be obtained for the standard, quality control and the blank, then further investigations must be carried out until the cause of the problem is found. * The results obtained for replicate analysis should be monitored, any significant difference ( ± 0.010 mg dm-3 ) should be investigated Literature References References may include operating manuals as well as published methods and standards. This method is based on Method H in the Department of the Environment Standing Committee of Analysts booklet Oxidised Nitrogen in Waters 1981. Annex Method Validation and Measurement Uncertainty Methods should be supported by experimental data providing information on accuracy, precision and selectivity . The major sources of uncertainty, relating to the method should be identified and the assigned values listed. The overall uncertainty should be listed together with an explanation of how it was derived. In the case of the nitrite method that was based on a published method, the validation work involved: Reproducibility showing comparable results were obtained. Repeatability showing in the results obtained for a known sample measured five times on the same day. Making up a set of 5 standards to show that the calibration was linear for the range 0.01 to 0.25 mg dm-3 NO2. Checking the detection limit using spiked samples . Checking that the time interval quoted for the colour development time was correct and non-critical within the stated range. We also looked at the method to identify major causes of variation in results e.g. measuring the sample volume with a measuring cylinder. We found that the biggest variation was in different analysts making up the same standard solutions hence the need to define an acceptable absorbance range for the standard.

Essays --

Possible solutions for poverty in Egypt In the past two years, Egypt has experienced enormous protests in which millions of Egyptians went of rebelling against the authoritarian rule who has suppressed them for years. For the first time Egyptian citizens decide to take a stand and fight for their legitimate rights in being able to find proper food, to gain freedom and equality. Moreover, this event mainly took place on the 25th of January, 2011; the dictatorship regime that has been ruling for thirty years fell to the ground. We can deduce from the event that this revolution mostly occurred due to the oppression, poverty, social equality, censorship and the aim of democratizing the country (O'Neill). However, one of the most important factors I do believe for the January 25th revolution is the crucial poverty that made normal citizens not able to satisfy their own basic needs; so they did find any way out of their problems except by revolting on this totalitarianism regime. Poverty has been a pervasive issue in Brazil and Egypt that influenced males, females and children in a specific social class all around the whole nation. To be able to deduce the crucial poverty rates there are an extraordinary number of things that could be carried out ; As Brazil did the priorities to make a better county that is free from poverty .Firstly, they were completely invested how to create the needed requirements to be development in the economy with the goal that more organizations could be made and more work accessible to the county's populace; In addition this kind of Work permitted people who lived in this poor circumstances to profit with the goal that they can purchase sustenance and different necessities for themselves and their famil... ... as a consequence, poverty rates can shrink noticeably through education(TheWorldBank). Thus, working on educational programs is crucial to be able to reduce the poverty issue in Egypt. To conclude, Poverty has been and is continuing to be a major issue all around the globe, not only one nation. In my opinion all the suggestions that were conducted by the article to diminish the poverty problem are so beneficial and real. As in the case of the Brazil trying to reduce poverty as mentioned before; they tried to work on many aspects; like, strengthening the economy of the country to be able to create new job vacancies to people to improve their living circumstances. However, the most aspect that as a country was invested in was education; therefore, this is the perfect model that Egypt need to adopt right now to be able to fight the elevated rates of poverty.

The long and the short and the tall :: English Literature

The long and the short and the tall In 1942, a small British platoon was positioned in the jungle trying to assess the strength of the Japanese invasion. They were 20 miles away from the British frontlines and 15 miles away from base camp. They rest for a while in a deserted hut. Their radio has a flat battery and they are having trouble getting in touch with their base camp. The platoon is led by Sergeant Mitchem, who is in control of 6 ordinary men; hence the title from Britain; Bamforth; a Cockney, Whitaker; Tynesider, Macleish; a Scot, Evan; Welsh, Smith (Smudge) and Johnstone. All had left their jobs back in Britain to fight in the war. All had never been faced with killing a man. A few of the soldiers are family men, leaving their wife, children and friends back in their home towns. They are all from Britain and as they spend time together they find out and understand about each person's personality more. Bamforth: When Bamforth first sees the Japanese soldier, he is prepared to shoot him: 'Bamforth suddenly tenses and raises his rifle. This is followed by: 'Bamforth slowly raises his rifle and takes careful aim. Mitchem swings round and knocks the rifle out of position.' "I had him right between the cheeks! I couldn't miss! He's on his tod!" Bamforth was obviously prepared to kill the lone Japanese soldier and was quite frustrated when his chance is taken from him. He would show this by gritting his teeth or cursing under his breath. Later on when the Japanese soldier enters the hut and is grabbed by Johnstone, and Evans, Smith and Macleish all refuse to kill the soldier, but Bamforth is more than happy to 'Knock him off'. He would be speaking in an aggressive tone of voice. On stage he would be ruthless, grabbing the bayonet, and with a tremendous amount of strength, he would thrust the bayonet towards the prisoner. "Here, give me a hold. It's only the same as carving up a pig. Hold him still" Had Mitchem not intervened then Bamforth would have killed the soldier. Mitchem did so to keep him for any important information which may be needed at base camp. The Japanese soldier would be petrified at this point, being alone and unarmed. Yet Bamforth still persisted in scaring the soldier: "Boo" He also waved a bayonet in front of the prisoners face. Then he decided to mimic the prisoner by imitating a crude Japanese accent: "Flingers on Blonce" and "Tojo" He also used humiliating remarks such as "Short arse". His tone of voice would be quite sarcastic, as if he was talking to a

Julius Caesar :: essays research papers fc

Julius Caesar   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Themes play an integral role in the play Julius Caesar. The actions and the way that the characters express themselves define the themes in the play. The play is not comprised of one or two themes, but rather made up of an innumerable amount of them. A major theme in the play is fate. Fate is found from the smallest instance such as a dream to the prediction from a soothsayer. Another theme that is prevalent in the play is betrayal. Julius Caesar is betrayed along with many other people. Love is another theme that appears many times throughout the play. The love that is demonstrated in this play ranges from love between a husband and wife to the love for a country. Trust is another common theme in this play. Many characters in this play have trust in each other. They trust each other with their lives resulting in the death of many people. Loyalty is the final theme that is evident in this play. There are people who are loyal, and then there are people who are not loyal. The actions that these different characters make create a multitude of themes.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The theme that stands out the most in this play is fate. There is no doubt that there is divine intervention in this play. The destiny of many of the characters in this play have been prearranged because there are so many predictions or visions of the future that actually come true. For example, the soothsayer predicted that Julius Caesar was going to die on the Ides of March. (I. ii ll. 11-20) He did not make this prediction after he heard that Caesar was going to be assassinated, or the night before when everyone knew that he was going to die. He made this prediction many months in advance. The soothsayer knew that Caesar was going to die, because it was Caesar’s fate to die on the Ides of March. It has been predetermined that it was Caesar’s time to go on the Ides of March. Another instance of fate relating to the death of Caesar was the night before he died. His wife had an awful dream predicting that her husband was going to die in the house of the Senate the next day. Although Calpurnia told her husband of this, he chose to ignore resulting in his assassination. This is a strong example of fate because frequently throughout time people see the future in dreams.

Meaning of Life and Poem Essay

`Tis he who always tears our books, Who leaves the door ajar, He pulls the buttons from our shirts, And scatters pine afar; That squeaking door will always squeak, For, prithee, don’t you see, We leave the oiling to be done By Mr. Nobody He puts damp wood upon the fire, That kettles cannot boil; His are the feet that bring in mud, And all the carpets soiled. The papers always are mislaid, Who had them last but he? There’s no one tosses them about But Mr. Nobody. The finger marked upon the door By none of us are made; We never leave the blind unclosed, To let the curtains fade. The ink we never spill; the boots That lying round you. See Are not our boots they all belong To Mr. Nobody. SYNOPSIS: The poem is about a person,Mr. Nobody, who does notexist, but who is created bythe persona to take theblame for all kinds of mistakes and irresponsiblebehaviour that happens inthe persona’s house. The persona is probably introuble for doing thingswrong and is blaming Mr. Nobody so that he or she willnot be scolded or punished. MEANING OF THE POEM STANZA 1 :- The funny little man mentioned in the poem is a little boy, perhaps three to five years old. This is because; a child within that age usually does not talk much rather than making things that require them to learn. However, they often create trouble to people around them. Like in this stanza, there are cracked plates but people tend not to scold them because they are in the learning process though people know they do it. STANZA 2 :- The same thing happen mentioned in this stanza, the child creates another trouble in the house. Some of the troubles are the books have been torn, the buttons have been pulled out from the shirts and the pins are scattered. However, seeing that the little boy needs to learn, they leave the squeaking door to be oiled by the boy for him to learn. STANZA 3 :- Within this age also, the child may be doing something that may annoy some other people. The examples are given in this stanza such as Mr. Nobody puts damp woods upon the fire which causes the kettle cannot be boiled, bringing the mud into the house and make the carpet soiled, and papers are mislaid. People know that no one could do such things except for Mr. Nobody. STANZA 4 :- However, though people like Mr. Nobody is quite troubling, they need to be directed and to be taught the meaning of life. Not to forget they become like that because they are in the process of learning. Therefore, we as adult or people that are older and already matured must show a good talent for them to follow the right role model. For example in this stanza, Mr. Nobody does not know the meaning of privacy which he lets the door and the curtain open, leaving the boots not in the right place and spilling inks. THEMES: Family life. Taking things for granted. Responsibility. Honesty. MORAL VALUES: We must always tell the truth. We must be responsible members of a family. We should not blame others for our mistakes. We must admit our mistakes. We must appreciate everyone within our family. PERSONA: The persona could be a parent or grandparents who wants to admonish (menegur) the children foralways running away from responsibility and forblaming others for the mischief that they have done. Type of Poem : A poem on life Title : A suitable title because the purpose is to blame nobody. Nobody is a non-person so he is the best person to push the blame to. 1. Write a personal response to a selected poem Why you will choose this poem ? What u think / feel after you read this poem ? What is the theme of the poem ? why ? Theme : 1. Nature 2. Love 3. Friendship 4. Childhood What you learn from this poem ? other†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Not more than 350 words 2. Write reflection on the task you have complete. Your reflection will be assessed on the following data : Maturity of your thought in reflection Language The reflection must be including At first, what you think/ feel when you received this assignment? ( stress ? anxiety ? or ? how you solve this problem?) Thanks for the lecturer Mdm. Syamsina Zahurin Shamsuddin for guide to do this assignment†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Thanks my friend to listening my presentation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Thanks my groups member Lee Shun Fong ( coorperation ) Where you search the material of this poem (Internet and book)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ What you feel when you processing this assignment†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Facing what problem when you processing this assignment maybe hard to find material or something like that †¦ Finally †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Guidelines for implementation of project 1. Using the APA format 2. Work should be type written with 1. 5 spacing and font Arial size 12.

Academic Performance and Use of Electronic Gadgets Essay

Development in the world is expanding to new levels. Let it be anything, technology has made things more knowledgeable and convenient. Today, the world has turned into a world of electronic gadgets. The electronic gadgets have advanced in various ways. Today, you will find gadgets that fulfill your everyday needs. These gadgets can be anything from a grinder to a camcorder to a laptop. The origins of the word â€Å"gadget† trace back to the 19th century. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, there is anecdotal evidence for the use of â€Å"gadget† as a placeholder name for a technical item whose precise name one can’t remember since the 1850s; with Robert Brown’s 1886 book Spunyarn and Spindrift, A sailor boy’s log of a voyage out and home in a China tea-clipper containing the earliest known usage in print. These can be given as gifts to boys as well as girls. You can gift a play station or any game to a school going boy on his birthday or any occasion. A college going boy can be gifted a laptop or a handy cam, whichever is important and useful to him. Videos are not only created for college projects but, today they can also be created during family or friends. Get-togethers or some family functions. They store family memories for years which can be watched whenever you feel like watching them. Gadgets like cellular phones are used on a daily basis to communicate with your near and dear ones. You can also gift it to them. In the software industry, â€Å"Gadget† refers to computer programs that provide services without needing an independent application to be launched for each one, but instead run in an environment that manages multiple gadgets. There are several implementations based on existing software development techniques, like JavaScript, form input, and various image formats It is on this situation that the researcher was intended to conduct an investigation to identify the perception of secondary students about the use of electronic gadgets, the advantages, disadvantages and effects as well. Statement of the Problem The main purpose of this study is to determine the academic performance and use of electronic gadgets among secondary students of CSULS S.Y: 2012-2013. In addition, the advantages, disadvantage and effectiveness of these problems were also determined. This is done through descriptive survey using questionnaire to be answered by students of CSULS. Specifically, the survey will answer the following questions: 1. What is the profile of CSULS students in terms of: a. Age b. Gender c. Year and Section d. Academic Performance e. Monthly Income 2. What are the different electronic gadgets that are used by CSULS students? 3. Does the frequent use of electronic gadgets affects and influences students’ academic performance? 4. Is there any relationship between the profile and the kind of electronic gadget used by CSULS students? Significance of the Study The result of this research study determined the academic performance and the use of electronic gadgets among secondary students of CSULS; S.Y 2012- 2013. In that way, one will have an idea on what teenage magazine shall he/she use. The Parents, this research would tell them on what particular electronic gadgets brings usefulness and harm to their children. The Students, themselves will know on what electronic magazine shall be a help and a hindrance for their academic performance. The Researcher, this research study will aid the students and the parents as well on the limitations of use of electronic gadgets. Scope and Delimitations The study is conducted to determine the academic performance and use of electronic gadgets among secondary students of Catanduanes State University Laboratory Schools. From Grade-7 to Fourth year students SY: 2012-2013. It focuses mainly on the perception of secondary students about the use of teenage magazine during vacant times. It comprises 8 sections namely; 7-Amethyst, 7-Pearl, II- Chrysanthemum, II-Daffodils, III- Platinum, III- Gold, IV- Einstein, IV- Galileo. The demographic characteristics included in this research are age, gender, year, and section, academic performance and monthly income. Definition of Terms * Gadget- the main factor of this study that affects academic performance * CSULS- school where the study was focused * Respondent – the one who will answer the study * Academic Performance- performances shown by students regarding academic matters. (Quizzes, Periodic Test, Recitation, etc) * Secondary Students- scope of the study * CSU Lab Students referring to all officially enrolled students of CSU Laboratory School CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE & STUDIES READINGS * Nabisunsa Girls School – no phones Grace Kitego, a teacher at Nabisunsa Girls School, says they do not allow students to carry mobile phones because they distract students and impact negatively on their academic performance * Kiira College Butiki – confiscated Isaac Tibasima, a teacher at Kiira College Butiki, says the school does not allow students to carry mobile phones because they increase the risk of moral decay. * Vienna College – times change Vienna College offers both local and international education curriculums and has an enrolment of both Ugandan and foreign students. Mohammed Kakiika, the headmaster, says they have no option but to accept their students to carry mobile phones to school since they are a necessity for communication. LITERATURE Cellphones Affect Academic Performance By Michael Kanaabi and Vicky Wandawa A study was conducted by Kanaabi and Wandawa on Aug. 3, 2010 that cellularphones affects the academic performance of students. This study indicates that cellular phones is a huge distraction to one’s attention especially on school hours. Thus, some schools prohibits the use and bringing their cellphones at school. Some of them use phones to call examiners and other students who may have access to examination papers. This is common during national, regional and district examinations. This causes panic and confusion among students because they get varying information from different sources and on many occasions, focus on revising the wrong way, thus failing. Conceptual Framework This study is anchored with the theory that those secondary students’ frequency of usage of electronic gadgets of the said sections has an effect on each of their academic performances. This can be proven in their perceptions used as the independent variable and the academic performance as dependent variable. Figure 1 THE CONCEPTUAL PARADIGM INDEPENDENT VARIABLE DEPENDENT VARIABLE Academic Performance Frequency of usage of electronic gadgets HYPOTHESES There is no significant difference between the academic performance and use of electronic gadgets of secondary students of CSULS S.Y: 2012-2013. RESEARCH DESIGN The study will use the longitudinal survey design in its attempt to determine, describe and analyze the relationship of each. It tries to find out if the independent variable significantly influences the dependent variable. References DiCaprio, N. (1976). The good life: models for a healthy personality. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, Inc. â€Å"Elizabeth.† (2004, July). Real Pretty [Letter to the editor]. Seventeen, 014. Hager, S. E. (1998). Using self-esteem as a concept for guiding early adolescent females toward healthy eating behaviors: A learning module. (Unpublished Masters of Science thesis, Michigan State University, 1998). McFarland, R. (1988). Coping through self-esteem. New York: The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc. Media Awareness Network. (2004). Beauty and body image in the media. Retrieved November 9, 2004, from http://www.mediaawareness.ca/english/issues/stereotyping/women_and_girls/women_beauty.cfm. Media Awareness Network. (2004). Masculinity and advertising. Retrieved November 9, 2004, from http://www.mediaawareness.ca/english/issues/stereotyping/men_and_masculinity/masculinity_advertising.cfm. Media Awareness Network. (2004). Media and girls. Retrieved November 9, 2004, from http://www .mediaawareness.ca/english/issues/stereotyping/women_and_girls/women_girls.cfm. Media Awareness Network. (2004). Resisting stereotypes and working for change. Retrieved November 9, 2004, from http://www.mediaawareness.ca/english/issues/stereotyping/women_and_girls/wome n_reform.cfm. 16Meyers, M. (Ed.). (1999). Mediated women: Representations in popular culture. Creskill, NJ: Hampton Press, Inc. Nachbar, J.G., Lause, K., & Nachbar, J. (1992, October 1). Popular culture: an introductory text. Ohio: Bowling Green University Popular Press. [Excerpt Retrieved November 9, 2004, from http://www.serve.com/shea/stereodf.htm.] Plotnik, R. (2005). Introduction to psychology. (7th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Thomson Learning. Waltz, T. (2004, November)

Home Furnishings bedding Essay

Home furnishing has many areas that furnish bedrooms with frames, comforters, sheets and dressers and much more. A home furnishing is a way to personalize the house whether it’s with the help of professionals or simple your own ideas. The company Polo Ralph Lauren founded in 1967 and their main headquarter is currently in New York. Ralph Lauren was the one who founded the company which he is the CEO, Chairman, and chief designer for the company. The company also sells products for men, women, and children, accessories, fragrances, and home furnishings. It operates in Europe, Asia, and the Americas. Ralph Lauren first launch his home collection in 1985 including bedding, including bedding, towels, area rugs and much more. Home furnishings include bedding and with the bedding department it has mattress size, pillows, sheets and blanket, and quilts. The mattress size is important because it depend the size of the sleeper and the dimensions of the bedroom. The smallest size of the bedding dimensions is the twin size which has a dimension of 39 by 76 inches. The next size is the full size mattresses measure 54 by 75 inches and â€Å"queens add an extra 6 inches to the full-size width and 5 inches to the length. Standard king mattresses have ample room with a 78 inch width and 80 inches in length. †(ProQuest) The pillows come in different size to match the bed and all the pillows are 20 inches in width and in length it varieties. Pillow cases and sheets are sold in pairs or separately. They are sold separately because it allows the customers to pick their own design, how they want their sleeping environment to look like. They sell separately because something consumers does not like the designs so they rather buy the design that they are comfortable. The construction of pillowcases, sheets and shams varieties and the most popular fabric use in this is woven. The next fabric is â€Å"Cotton and cotton/poly dominates the market. Cotton gives absorbency while polyester gives durability and wrinkle resistance. Most sheets are made with spun yarns. †(Hoovers) Muslin and percale sheets are the most common. Muslin sheets are made from carded yarns while Percale is made out from combed yarns. Other type of fabrics is sateen, satin, flannel, or knitted jersey or tricot. It’s important to pay attention the caring part because there are some sheets, pillowcases that can easily get damaged. The white sheets should be machine was only and dry according to manufacturer’s instructions. Do not combine dark colors with beach and only apply beach on white sheets. It’s good to rotated and avoid using the same set also using a mattress pad or covers to protect the sheets will extend the life of the bottom sheets. â€Å"Ralph Lauren has grown from being a mono-brand US centric menswear wholesaler to designer manufacturer and wholesaler of global luxury lifestyle brands for men, women and children. † (Business source Swot analysis). Ralph Lauren has many products that can offer to their customers because it’s a growing industry. Some of the brands and names of Ralph Lauren include Polo by Ralph, Lauren, Purple Label, Club Monaco, Rugby, Ralph Lauren Women’s Collection, Black Label, Blue Label and Lauren by Ralph Lauren, among others. The successes of the brands are due to the official outfitter of the 2008 US Olympic and Paralympics teams by the United States Olympic Committee in 2008. It has sign a five year contract with R&A to outfit all the members staffing and all the officials in the Open Championship up to 2016. Ralph Lauren distributes their products through and foreign and domestic network. It has a successful global distribution network which allows â€Å"its merchandises to be sold in a total of nearly 9,000 retailers worldwide, ranging from high-end department stores such as Neiman Marcus to discount retailers such as TJ Maxx. † (Business source). Ralph Lauren is divided into three segments the first one is wholesales, the second one is retail, and the third one is licensing. Licensing is very important because any product whether in-house produced or licensed, have to be designed by Mr.  Lauren and his design staff. All of his home furnishings products are produce by his licensing partners who has the right to sell them whether it’s internationally or domestic. It has multiple channels where they distribute their products. Ralph Lauren has 201 factory stores worldwide and 178 full-price retail stores. It also has â€Å"474 concessions-based shop-within-shops, and six e -commerce websites. The full-price retail stores range in the size of approximately 800 to 38,000 square feet and are situated in major upscale street locations and upscale regional malls in large urban markets. (Business Source). Most of these factory stores are located in outlet malls. Some of the factories have a length of 2500 to 20,000 feet in the Americans 1,400 to 19,700 square feet in Europe and from 2,800 to 11,800 square feet in Asia. It also operates a concessions-based shop-within-shops that has around 209 retail locations dedicated to Ralph Lauren-branded products. Most of the shops-within shops are located in Asia and the size of this concessions-base is approximately 180 to 4,300 square feet. The company has a successful globe distribution that allows merchandise to be in 9,000 retails worldwide. Home furnishings by Ralph Lauren afford their customers a feature that has a â€Å"contemporary, creative style and also employs ticking-striped patterns, industrial accents and flea-market-inspired finds to create an unexpected rustic look. † (Ralph Lauren). The company wants their customers to be happy with their product and that’s way they offer the best quality with the best material so that their customers can come back to the company and purchase more. Polo Ralph Lauren’s status as a premier lifestyle brand supports higher product margins, product extensions, and consumer loyalty. The company long-term annually grow is 20% to 30 % on their distribution. This company has a price range to be higher because Ralph Lauren is one of the premier consumer lifestyle brands with considerable brand equity. The company has strong brand equity because it has â€Å"capitalized on its strong fashion design and effective marketing to build a premier lifestyle brand with global revenue exceeding an estimated $5 billion, including licensees. (Business Source). It also states that the company is one of the few† brands capable of developing a portfolio of products and brands ranging from the moderately priced Chaps by Ralph Lauren to the luxury priced Purple and Black Labels. † (Business Source). The company has many ways to merchandises their products which include websites, outlet malls, factories and much more. In addition to these, the company sells its products through three websites in the US, including ralphLauren. com, rugby. com and clubmonaco. com, the company has more websites in the European part. Only the Unites States the company has acquire new customers about 600,000 customers. Only selling from website in helps the company to reach wider customers and faster than any other companies. Not only do they sell their merchandise over the internet they sell it through catalogs, retail stores for example Macys and high ended department store. Not any department store can sell Ralph Lauren products because they must have a license with the company itself. The company chose high end department stores because they know their customers and also because they have loyal customers who love to shop in this high-end department stores. Also because the brand of the product will distinguish how the material is made and how good of a quality it is. There are many rules and regulations when it comes to â€Å"all products categorized as linens must be labeled in accordance with the laws that relate to the consumption of textile products. The Textile Fiber Products Act (TFPIA) requires that generic fiber names and fiber content be listed on the label and flammability standards for mattress†. (Hoovers). The company’s name is build around the highest ethical and legal standards.  Ralph Lauren is guided by the â€Å"California Transparent Act which states that all of its suppliers to prohibit the hiring of slave labor and prevent practices that could contribute to human trafficking. 1. verify product supply chains using third party auditors to ensure that our product supply chains are compliant with our Operating Guidelines and all applicable laws and regulations prohibiting slave labor and human trafficking; 2. conduct independent audits of our suppliers to evaluate their compliance with our Operating Guidelines and all applicable laws and regulations prohibiting slave labor and human trafficking; 3. equire certification by our suppliers that materials incorporated into our products comply with our Operating Guidelines and all applicable laws and regulations prohibiting slave labor and human trafficking in countries where our suppliers are doing business; 4. maintain internal accountability standards and procedures for employees and contractors failing to meet our Operating Guidelines prohibiting slave labor and human trafficking; 5. provide training for our supply chain executives and employees on the prevention of human trafficking and slave labor. †(RalphLauren. om) The company is always doing things to change the product and to promote new products to their loyal customers. Ralph Lauren will launch new lines and maintain brand strength. The company views the internet as the number one source of future growth that will increase very fast. They are advertising and marketing in a unique form associate with distinct design, luxury and quality. Retail stores are still very important because it’s the foundation and the growth of the company and it has given the â€Å"confidence to apply its expertise to wholesale business, including erchandise mix, visual presentation and excellent customer service. † (Valuation Reports). Ralph Lauren wants to expand to new products with new categories in different parts of the world. In conclusion the company has many things to offer to their loyal customers and expanding everything to new places and expanding new product will definitely have new customers. It’s important for the company to keep the good quality and good merchandise because it’s a way to stay in business for much longer.